This report contains pharmacogenetic alleles and implications for drug response for the genetic data submitted. Both the genotypes presented and implicated medications are predictions based on the submitted data and published pharmacogenetics literature. This is not a clinical report and the data contained here in no way should be used as clinical guidance.
The information presented in this report is based on allele mappings and therapeutic implications developed by the Clinical Pharmacogenomics Implementation Consortium (CPIC®) and the US Food and Drug administration (FDA). Gene2Rx is not affiliated with CPIC or the FDA in any way. The contents of this page have not been endorsed by CPIC or the FDA and are the sole responsibility of Gene2Rx.
This report includes information about how your genetics may influence your response to common substances like caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and ketamine. For information on 100+ prescription medications, upgrade to the full report.
The implications of taking medication for which you may have an atypical response are based on probabilities. You may or may not experience any side effects or altered efficaciousness. Consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your healthcare.
The quality of uploaded data is not verified and may contain errors that result in alterations to your pharmacogenetic report. Genotyping panels (such as those used by direct to consumer genetics services) offer an incomplete representation of an individual's genetics. You may harbor additional genetic variation that can affect drug response.
Drugs by class 4 drugs
This table contains the specific variants identified in each of the genes assessed for your Gene2Rx report. These genes are important for modulating response to medications and have been determined to be clinically actionable for some medications.
The "Genotype" column indicates the specific alleles identified in your DNA. These correspond to patterns of genetic variants within each gene. There are two alleles for each gene, one for each copy.
The "Phenotype" column indicates the predicted effect that your genotype will have on the function of the proteins encoded by each gene. These phenotypes will determine how you will respond to different medications. See the legend below for descriptions of the symbols associated with each phenotype.
| Gene | Genotype | Phenotype | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADH1B |
rs1229984C/rs1229984C
|
Normal Function | |
| ALDH2 |
rs671G/rs671G
|
Normal Function | |
| CHRNA5 |
rs16969968A/rs16969968A
|
Increased Risk | |
| COMT |
rs4680A/rs4680G
|
Intermediate Function | |
| CYP1A2 |
*1/*30
|
Rapid Metabolizer | |
| CYP2A6 |
*1/*1
|
Normal Metabolizer | |
| CYP2B6 |
*1/*1
|
Normal Metabolizer |
Each symbol represents the predicted function of the gene. A non-normal allele does not necessarily lead to a change in drug response.
Drugs are grouped by clinical class. For each class with three or more drugs in your report, a scoreboard summarizes which medications you are likely to use as directed, which warrant caution, and which guidelines suggest you consider an alternative for. The detailed tables below each scoreboard show the underlying gene-drug findings.
Each row in the detail tables shows the generic name, brand names, gene, your gene phenotype, and how your genotype may affect drug response. Source links point to the CPIC guideline or FDA drug label that informed the recommendation.
Therapeutic Guidance Legend
Note: Phenotypes with an unknown effect on drug response are categorized as use as directed.
Other substances
4 drugsEach card shows the gene driving the recommendation. Use as directed = your genetics suggest a typical response. Use with caution = consider dose adjustment or monitoring. Consider alternative = guidelines suggest discussing a different drug with your provider.
Other Substances
| Generic Name | Brand Names | Gene | Your Gene Phenotype | Implication | Source | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | ADH1B | Normal Function | Implication: Homozygous Arg48 (G/G) genotype yields standard ethanol metabolism and acetaldehyde accumulation, resulting in average flushing and dependence risk. Therapeutic recommendation: Follow standard guidelines for alcohol consumption. | Gene2Rx | |||
| ALDH2 | Normal Function | Implication: Typical flushing, hangover, addiction risk Therapeutic recommendation: Standard advice on safe drinking limits. | Gene2Rx | ||||
| Caffeine | Coffee, Tea | CYP1A2 | Rapid Metabolizer | Implication: Faster than normal clearance; may consume more caffeine to maintain effect. Therapeutic recommendation: You clear caffeine faster than average, which may shorten its duration of action. You may need more frequent servings to maintain the desired effect. Space your servings to prevent withdrawal symptoms. | Gene2Rx | ||
| Ketamine | Ketalar | CYP2B6 | Normal Metabolizer | Implication: Expected ketamine metabolism and duration of effect Therapeutic recommendation: Initiate with standard ketamine doses per clinical practice. | Gene2Rx | ||
| Nicotine | Cigarettes, Zyn | CHRNA5 | Increased Risk | Implication: Variant may enhance receptor sensitivity to nicotine, producing stronger reward signals and increasing craving intensity. Higher cigarettes-per-day, increased risk of dependence, delayed cessation. Therapeutic recommendation: Nicotine may elicit heightened reward and craving. Monitor consumption and consider limiting dose frequency. | Gene2Rx | ||
| COMT | Intermediate Function | Implication: Moderately reduced COMT activity results in higher dopamine levels after nicotine, enhancing reward and reducing withdrawal severity. Therapeutic recommendation: You may experience stronger reward and milder withdrawal; monitor craving intensity. | Gene2Rx | ||||
| CYP2A6 | Normal Metabolizer | Implication: Nicotine clearance rate is typical, yielding standard plasma concentrations and exposure duration. Therapeutic recommendation: Typical response to nicotine. | Gene2Rx |
What do I do now?
If you find that you may have an atypical response to a medication you take or are considering taking, it is important that you first consult with your healthcare provider or a genetic counselor before making any changes. The guidelines linked next to each finding (either CPIC or FDA) provide therapeutic guidance that include treatment recommendations.
Should I change medications or dosage based on my report?
No! Do not alter your medication dosage or stop taking your medication without first consulting your healthcare provider. Direct-to-consumer data is not clinical grade, so anything included in the report should be used as a conversation starter with your healthcare provider to seek the appropriate clinical laboratory test. Again, do not alter your medication dosage or stop taking your medication without first consulting your healthcare provider.
Why shouldn't I change my medication based on this report?
Our service relies on the genetic information provided to you by the direct-to-consumer service you paid for. Unfortunately, direct-to-consumer data is not clinical grade, so anything included in the report should be used as a conversation starter with your healthcare provider to seek the appropriate clinical laboratory test. DO NOT alter your medication dosage or stop taking your medication without first consulting your healthcare provider. Read more here and read primary research here.
Are these expert annotations?
Yes, The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC®) is a group of PGx experts that volunteer their time to curate genetic guidance for drug response, based on the most recent research. They have high standards for the evidence required to include a drug-gene guideline. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has evaluated all pharmacogenetic associations presented in this report and believes there is sufficient scientific evidence to provide clinical guidance for prescribing practices. Read more here.
Why would my PGx annotations change?
While your genetics don't change over the course of your life, research is an ongoing process and what we know about how an individual's genetics influences their drug response changes over time. As new research is conducted and published, the CPIC guidelines and FDA drug labels are updated accordingly. These updates only happen once new research meets strict validation requirements and experts agree it's time for a guideline change. Gene2Rx provides the most recent CPIC and FDA guidance at the time of the report.
I don't see my medication in the report. Why not?
Not all drugs are influenced by pharmacogenetics, and some need more research to verify an association. If you don't see your medication listed, it means that there is not yet a CPIC guideline for providing clinical guidance for pharmacogenetic dosing.
Does Gene2Rx determine structural variants for CYP2D6?
Structural variations for CYP2D6 are not called and may affect your response to drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
More questions?
Contact us at contact@gene2rx.com.